Which of the following describes non-stochastic effects?

Non-stochastic effects refer to health consequences that arise from exposure to a certain dose of radiation or other factors, where the severity of the effect is directly proportional to the dose received. This means that as the exposure increases, the intensity or severity of the effects also increases, which is distinct from stochastic effects where the probability of occurrence increases with dose, but the severity remains random.

Non-stochastic effects typically have a threshold level, meaning that below a certain dose, no effects would be observed. For instance, conditions such as radiation burns or radiation sickness typically only occur after specific levels of exposure. In this context, option B accurately captures the essence of non-stochastic effects, where a definite dose leads to a proportional increase in severity of the effect experienced.

The other options describe different characteristics that do not align with non-stochastic effects, such as effects that may not have a clear dose-response relationship or are inherently random in nature. Understanding this distinction is crucial for assessing risks and outcomes associated with various exposures.