Which of the following are specific somatic effects of long-term radiation exposure?

Long-term radiation exposure can lead to specific somatic effects, which are effects that manifest in the individual exposed to radiation rather than in future generations. The correct choice highlights bone marrow syndrome and carcinogenesis.

Bone marrow syndrome occurs when radiation affects the bone marrow, leading to a decrease in blood cell production. This can result in a range of health issues, including increased susceptibility to infections, anemia, and bleeding due to a reduction in the numbers of red blood cells and platelets.

Carcinogenesis, or the process of developing cancer, is another significant risk associated with long-term radiation exposure. The DNA damage caused by high doses of radiation can lead to mutations that may result in the uncontrolled cell growth characteristic of cancer.

The other options listed include some valid effects, but they do not correctly encompass the significant somatic effects attributable to long-term exposure. For example, while skin burns are a concern with radiation exposure, they are generally acute effects rather than long-term somatic consequences. Thus, the combination of bone marrow syndrome and carcinogenesis accurately reflects two of the most serious and well-documented somatic effects of prolonged radiation exposure.