What type of biological damage does radiation typically cause?

Radiation typically causes genetic mutation as it can directly or indirectly damage the DNA within cells. When radiation interacts with cellular structures, it can lead to ionization of molecules, which may create free radicals. These free radicals can then react with DNA, resulting in breaks or alterations in the strands. If the damage is not properly repaired, it can lead to permanent changes in the genetic code of the organism. Such mutations can potentially lead to cancer or hereditary conditions, making genetic mutation a significant type of biological damage caused by radiation.

In contrast, while mechanical destruction refers to physical damage to tissue, and chemical alteration pertains to changes in the chemical structure of substances, neither represents the core effects associated with radiation exposure. Cell proliferation, although a biological process, does not capture the concept of damage but rather describes the increase in cell numbers, which can occur in response to various stimuli, including damage responses. Therefore, the answer focusing on genetic mutation highlights the primary concern regarding the biological effects of radiation exposure.