What happens to the probability of stochastic effects as radiation dose increases?

As the radiation dose increases, the probability of stochastic effects, which are the long-term effects of radiation exposure that may occur due to damage to DNA, increases. Stochastic effects are not deterministic; they do not have a threshold below which the effect will not occur. Instead, the likelihood of such effects, which can manifest as cancer or genetic mutations over time, correlates directly with the amount of radiation absorbed by an individual. As more radiation is absorbed, the chances of cellular damage that could lead to these effects become more pronounced, thereby raising the probability of adverse outcomes. This relationship is crucial in fields such as radiology, radiation safety, and health physics, where understanding the risks associated with radiation exposure is essential for protecting individuals.