What are mutations examples of?

Mutations are changes in the DNA sequence that can occur in any organism. They are primarily considered as genetic effects, since they alter the genetic material that is passed on to future generations if they occur in germ cells. These changes can lead to variations in traits, which can be beneficial, harmful, or neutral, and they play a crucial role in the process of evolution through natural selection.

In contrast, while somatic effects refer to changes that occur in non-germ cells and can affect the individual organism but are not passed on to offspring, mutations specifically involve changes to the genetic code. Radiological effects pertain to changes induced by exposure to radiation, which can cause mutations but are not synonymous with them. Environmental effects generally relate to how external factors influence biological systems, but do not encompass the concept of mutations themselves as genetic alterations. Therefore, defining mutations as genetic effects correctly showcases their foundational role in genetics and heredity.